1 | Xinhua (2022). “习近平：高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜 为全面建设社会主义现代化国家而团结奋斗——在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会上的报告 (Xi Jinping: Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects —Report at the Twentieth National Congress of the Communist Party of China)” October 25. http://www.gov.cn/xinw- en/2022-10/25/content_5721685.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
2 | Xinhua (2016). “中共中央 国务院印发《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》(The Central Committee of the Commu- nist Party of China and the State Council issued the Outline of the National Innovation-driven Devel- opment Strategy)” May 19. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-05/19/content_5074812.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
3 | ITU (2006). “The National Medium- and Long-Term Program for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020).” An Outline of the State Council of the PRC. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/ Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/China_2006.pdf. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
4 | State Council (2015). “国务院关于印发《中国制造2025》的通知 (State Council on the issuance of "Made in China 2025" notice)” May 8. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
5 | The following sources were used for the graphic on page [page number]: Naughton, Barry (2022). “The Rise of China’s Industrial Policy: 1978 to 2020” https://ucigcc.org/publication/the-rise-of-chinas- industrial-policy-1978-to-2020/ . Accessed: December 13, 2022; National Science and Technology Information System, Public Service Platform 国家科技管理信息系统公共服务平台. https://service.most. gov.cn/kjjh_tztg_all/. Accessed: December 13, 2022; National Natural Science Foundation of China (2022). “NSFC at a Glance”. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/about/6.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Weinstein, Emily S. et al. (2022). “China’s State Key Laboratory System: A View into China’s Innovation System” Center for Security and Emerging Technology Data Brief. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/chinas-state-key-laboratory-system/. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Chinese Central Television (CCTV). 2021. “New Impetus of Concentrated Development in National Indigenous Innovation Demonstration Zones” 国家自主创新示范区集聚发展新动能 June 21. http://www.gov.cn/xinw- en/2021-06/21/content_5619917.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Xinhua. 2021. “The GDP of the 169 HIDZ reached 12.14 trillion CNY” 169家国家高新区园区生产总值达12.14万亿元. June 3. https://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/2021-06/03/c_1127525439.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Center for Security and Emerging Technology. 2020. “Generation Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Development Pilot Zone Construction Work” https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/guide- lines-for-national-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-development-pilot-zone-construction-work/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
6 | The following sources were used for the graphic on page [page number]: Naughton, Barry (2022). “The Rise of China’s Industrial Policy: 1978 to 2020” https://ucigcc.org/publication/the-rise-of-chinasindustrial-policy-1978-to-2020/ . Accessed: December 13, 2022; National Science and Technology Information System, Public Service Platform 国家科技管理信息系统公共服务平台. https://service.most.gov.cn/kjjh_tztg_all/. Accessed: December 13, 2022; National Natural Science Foundation of China (2022). “NSFC at a Glance”. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/about/6.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Weinstein, Emily S. et al. (2022). “China’s State Key Laboratory System: A View into China’s Innovation System” Center for Security and Emerging Technology Data Brief. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/chinas-state-key-laboratory-system/. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Chinese Central Television (CCTV). 2021. “New Impetus of Concentrated Development in National Indigenous Innovation Demonstration Zones” 国家自主创新示范区集聚发展新动能 June 21. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-06/21/content_5619917.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Xinhua. 2021. “The GDP of the
169 HIDZ reached 12.14 trillion CNY” 169家国家高新区园区生产总值达12.14万亿元. June 3. https://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/2021-06/03/c_1127525439.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022; Center for Security and Emerging Technology. 2020. “Generation Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Development Pilot Zone Construction Work” https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/guidelines-for-national-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-development-pilot-zone-construction-work/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
7 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology et al. (2021). “‘十四五’机器人产业发展规划 (The "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" for the development of robotics industry)” December 21. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-12/28/5664988/files/7cee5d915efa463ab9e7be82228759fb.pdf. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
8 | Expert Advisory Committee of the Chinese Society of Automation 中国自动化学会专家咨询工作委员会 (2022). “制造业“国家队”扩容 这次东北终于上榜了(Manufacturing "national team" expansion this time the Northeast finally on the list)” November 15. http://gkong.com/item/news/2022/11/110091.Html.Accessed: December 13, 2022.
9 | Shenyang Institute of Automation 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所 (2022). Website. http://english.sia.cas.cn/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
10 | This specific project refers to National key R&D project 2017YFF0107800 (工业机器人整机综合性能测试仪). This funding led to publications co-authored with researchers at the CAS Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing (IRIM), the Shenyang Institute of Automation (SIA), the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), and Northeastern University.
11 | Shenyang Xinsong Robotics Automation Company Limited (2021). “Full Report for the First Quarter of 2021 (2021 年第一季度报告全文)”. April 29. https://static.cninfo.com.cn/finalpage/ 2021-04-29/1209852801.PDF. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
12 | Xinhua News Agency 新华社 (2015). “Implementation Plan for Deepening the Reform of the Science and Technology System (深化科技体制改革实施方案)” September 24. http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2015-09/24/content_2938314.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
13 | State Council (2021). “国务院办公厅关于完善科技成果评价机制的指导意见 (Guidance from the General Office of the State Council on improving the evaluation mechanism of scientific and technological achievements)” July 16. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021-08/02/content_5628987.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
14 | Previous programs included funds for basic research (the 973 program), high tech (the 863 program), S&T support, international S&T cooperation, industrial R&D, and public welfare industry research.
15 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2016). “Translation: Press Conference on the “Launch and Implementation of the National Key R&D Program”: Summary Transcript (“国家重点研发计划启动实施”新闻发布会：文字摘要)” February 16. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/press-conference-on-the-launchand-implementation-of-the-national-key-rd-program-summary-transcript/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
16 | National Natural Science Foundation of China (2022). “NSFC at a Glance”. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/about/6.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
17 | Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Science and Technology (2021). “财政部 科技部关于印发《国家重点研发计划资金管理办法》的通知 (Notice of the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science and Technology on the Issuance of the Measures for the Management of Funds of the State Key R&D Program)” September 29. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-10/01/content_5640704.htm. Accessed: December 13,
2022.
18 | Shenyang Institute of Automation (2021). “国家重点研发计划项目“警用无人平台关键技术研究及应用示范”项目开展应用示范 (National Key R&D Program Project "Key Technology Research and Application Demonstration of Unmanned Platform for Police" Conducts Application Demonstration)” June 2. http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/xwxx/kydt/202106/t20210602_641915.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
19 | Wang, Honggang et al. (2021). “Fast tag identification for mobile RFID robots in manufacturing environments.” Assembly Automation 41(3): 292-301.
20 | State Council (2019). “李克强：“卡脖子”问题根子在基础研究薄弱 (Li Keqiang: The root of the "neck" problem is the weakness in basic research)” September 4. http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2019-09/04/content_5427011.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
21 | National Statistics Bureau (2022).“ 中华人民共和国2021年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2021)“ February 28. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202202/t20220227_1827960.html. Accessed: December 21, 2022.
22 | This includes co-constructed labs. Wen Wei Po 文汇报 (2021). “重磅！这些国家重点实验室，将优化、重组！(Heavyweight! These state key laboratories, will be optimized and reorganized!)” July 12. https://www.163.com/dy/article/GENRSH2S05506BEH.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
23 | Weinstein, Emily S. et al. (2022). “China’s State Key Laboratory System: A View into China’s Innovation System” Center for Security and Emerging Technology Data Brief. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/chinas-state-key-laboratory-system/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
24 | Laha, Michael (2022). “How China plans to engineer its way out of technology ‘strangleholds’” September 26. https://cset.georgetown.edu/article/how-china-plans-to-engineer-its-way-out-of-technologystrangeholds/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
25 | State Council (2009). “新中国档案：启动国家重点实验室计划 (New China Archives: Launch of State Key Laboratory Program)” October 20. http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-10/20/content_1443999.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
26 | Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance (2018). “科技部 财政部关于加强国家重点实验室建设发展的若干意见 (Opinions of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance on Strengthening the Construction and Development of State Key Laboratories)” June 22. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2018/201806/t20180625_140289.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022. Ministry of Education (2022). “加快高校国家重点实验室重组 (Speed Up Restructuring of State Key Laboratories in Universities)” August 29. http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/202208/29/t20220829_38066270.shtml. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
27 | Ministry of Education (2022). “关于加强高校有组织科研 推动高水平自立自强的若干意见 (Opinions on Strengthening Organized Scientific Research in Higher Education to Promote High-Level Self-reliance and Self-improvement)” August 29. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202208/t20220829_656091.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
28 | Xinhua News Agency 新华社 (2021). “中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要 (Outline of the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Vision 2035)” March 13. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/13/content_5592681.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
29 | Guangxi Normal University (2022). “校长贺祖斌到省部共建药用资源化学与药物分子工程国家重点实验室调研座谈 (President He Zubin visited the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Molecular Engineering)” March 22. http://news.gxnu.edu.cn/2022/0322/c1334a233352/page.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022. Changshu Science and Technology Bureau (2022). “海洋强国！常熟亨通海洋全力建设全国重点实验室 (Ocean Power! Changshu Hengtong Ocean makes every effort
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30 | Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance (2018). “科技部 财政部关于加强国家重点实验室建设发展的若干意见 (Opinions of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance on Strengthening the Construction and Development of State Key Laboratories)” June 22. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2018/201806/t20180625_140289.html.
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31 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2012). “依托企业建设国家重点实验室管理暂行办法 (Provisional Administrative Methods for Entrusting Enterprises with Building State Key Laboratories)” June 5. Translation by CSET: https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/t0369_state_key_labs_EN.pdf. Accessed: August 22, 2022
32 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2017). “企业国家重点实验室2016年度报告(2016 Annual Report for Enterprise-based State Key Laboratories)” December. http://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/zfwzndbb/201805/P020180521578399847540.pdf. Accessed: June 6, 2022.
33 | Xinhua News Agency 新华社 (2021). “中共中央 国务院印发《国家标准化发展纲要》(The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the “National Standardization Development Outline”)” October 10. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-10/10/content_5641727.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
34 | Supervision and Auditing Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国科学院监督与审计局 (2021). “《关于完善科技成果评价机制的指导意见》解读二(Interpretation Nr. 2 of "Guiding Opinions on Improving the Evaluation Mechanism of Scientific and Technological Achievements)” August 11. http://www.jianshen.cas.cn/kyns/zdjd/zdjd/202108/t20210811_4801694.html. Accessed: December 21, 2022.
35 | Tollefson, Jeff (2018). “China declared world’s largest producer of scientific articles: Report shows increasing international competition, but suggests that United States remains a scientific powerhouse.” Nature 553 (390). https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
36 | Brainard, Jeffrey and Dennis Normile (2022). “China rises to first place in most cited papers: Other methods to gauge scientific prowess still put the United States somewhat ahead.” Science 377 (6608). https://www.science.org/content/article/china-rises-first-place-most-cited-papers. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
37 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology et al. (2021). “‘十四五’机器人产业发展规划 (The "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" for the development of robotics industry)” December 21. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-12/28/5664988/files/7cee5d915efa463ab9e7be82228759fb.pdf. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
38 | State Key Laboratory of Robotics (2015). “机器人学国家重点实验室简介 (Introduction to the State Key Laboratory of Robotics)” http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/sysjj/sysgk/201503/t20150302_281724.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
39 | State Key Laboratory of Robotics. “固定人员 (Permanent Staff)” http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/yjdw/kydw/gdry/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
40 | State Key Laboratory of Robotics. “机器人学国家重点实验室学术委员会成员 (Member of the Academic Committee of the State Key Laboratory of Robotics)” http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/sysjj/xswyh/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
41 | 21st Century Business Herald 21世纪经济报道 (2016). “机器人学国家重点实验室主任于海斌，新一代智能机器人领域或将诞生另一个谷歌(Yu Haibin, director of the State Key Laboratory of Robotics, said that another Google may be born in the field of a new generation of intelligent robots)” December 6. https://m.21jingji.com/article/20161206/58bb5178a1488132f0001d4877c74da6.html. Accessed: December 14, 2022
42 | Xidian University (2012). “ISN国家重点实验室通过2012年信息领域实验室评估，评估结果良好 (ISN State Key Laboratory passed the 2012 information field laboratory assessment with good results)” December 13. https://ste1.xidian.edu.cn/info/1063/4719.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
43 | China Science Daily 中国科学报. “人机融合和而不同——走进机器人学国家重点实验室(Human-Machine Fusion, Harmony even if different Step Into the State Key Laboratory of Robotics)” https://www.cas.cn/zkyzs/2020/07/258/cmsm/202007/t20200721_4753725.shtml Accessed: December 14, 2022.
44 | State Key Laboratory of Robotics (2017). “代表性学术论文一览表 (List of representative academic papers)” http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/kycg/fblw/201503/t20150303_281967.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
45 | Sharp Science and Technology 锐科技 (2018). “科技部:关于发布2017年信息领域国家重点实验室评估结果的通知 (Ministry of Science and Technology: notice on the release of the assessment results of the State Key Laboratory in the field of information in 2017)” January 15. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/csc/20340/20289/20808/index.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
46 | Qian, Junxi et al. (2020). “Science Citation Index (SCI) and scientific evaluation system in China.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7 (108): 1-4.
47 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2022). “科技部召开国家高新区和高新技术企业高质量发展推进会 (The Ministry of Science and Technology held a meeting to promote the high-quality development of national high-tech zones and high-tech enterprises)” August 15. https://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/202208/t20220815_181880.html. Accessed: December 15, 2022
48 | Heilmann, Sebastian, Lea Shih, and Andreas Hofem (2013). “National Planning and Local Technology Zones: Experimental Governance in China's Torch Programme.” The China Quarterly 216: 896–919.
49 | State Council (2020). “国务院关于促进国家高新技术产业开发区高质量发展的若干意见 (Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the High-quality Development of National High-tech Industrial Development Zones)” July 17. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2020-07/17/content_5527765.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
50 | Ministry of Science and Technology Torch Center (2022). “关于印发《2022年科技部火炬中心工作要点》的通知(Notice on Printing and Distributing the "Key Work Items of the Torch Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2022") March 30. http://www.chinatorch.gov.cn/kjb/tzgg/202203/02c70f50e998408cb9429ce894bc3292.shtml. Accessed: December 15, 2022
51 | Torch High Technology Industry Development Center Ministry of Science and Technology: http://www.chinatorch.gov.cn/english/. Accessed: December 15, 2022.
52 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2022). “国家高新区“稳增长、高质量发展”新闻发布会 - 文字实录 (National High-tech Zone “Stable Growth, High-quality Development” Press Conference - Transcript)” September 15. https://www.most.gov.cn/xwzx/twzb/fbh22091401/twzbwzsl/202209/t20220915_182417.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
53 | CCID Group 中国电子信息产业发展研究院 (2022). “园区百强｜中国园区经济的奋进十年 (Top 100 parks｜Ten years of development of China’s park economy)” August 9. https://www.ccidgroup.com/info/1105/34994.htm. Accessed: August 19, 2022.
54 | Science and Technology Daily 科技日报 (2021). “国家高新区如何担当新发展理念排头兵？专家：扛起科技自立自强的责任使命 (How does the national high-tech zone act as the vanguard of the new development concept? Experts: Take up the responsibility and mission of self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology)” December 17. http://stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/2021-12/17/content_1239715.
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56 | National Development and Reform Commission (2017). “科技部关于印发《国家高新技术产业开发区 “十三五” 发展规划》的通知 (Notice of the Ministry of Science and Technology on Printing and Distributing the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National High-tech Industrial Development Zones)” May 31. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/lywzjw/wstz/201705/t20170531_1046781.html?code=&state=123 Accessed:
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57 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2021). “科技部关于印发《国家高新技术产业开发区综合评价指标体系》的通知 (Notice of the Ministry of Science and Technology on Printing and Distributing the "Comprehensive Evaluation Index System of National High-tech Industrial Development Zones)” April 26. https://www. most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2021/202104/t20210429_174232.html.
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59 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2017). “科技部关于印发国家技术创新中心建设工作指引的通知 (Notice of the Ministry of Science and Technology on Printing and Distributing the Guidelines for the Construction of National Technology Innovation Centers)” November 23. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2017/201711/t20171123_136430.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
60 | Nanfang Daily 南方日报 (2021). “省委省政府印发《广深科技创新走廊规划》(The Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government issued the “Guangdong Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Corridor Plan)” December 25. https://www.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/zcjd/snzcsd/content/post_82185.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
61 | Beijing Daily 北京日报 (2021). “北京市“十四五”时期国际科技创新中心建设规划 (Beijing International Science and Technology Innovation Center Construction Plan for the "14th Five-Year Plan" Period)” November 24. http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2021/1124/c349239-35019383.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
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63 | Press Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Weibo Account工信微报 - 工业和信息化部新闻宣传中心 (2022). ““新时代工业和信息化发展” 系列新闻发布会第十场今日举行 介绍十年来我国制造业区域协调发展情况 (The tenth press conference of the “Industrial and Information Development in the New Era” series was held today, introducing the regional coordinated development of my country’s manufacturing industry over the past ten years)” September 23. https://www.ncsti.gov.cn/kjdt/xwjj/202209/t20220923_98504.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022. China News Weekly 中国新闻周刊 (2022). “制造业“国家队”扩容 这次东北终于上榜了(The expansion of the manufacturing “national team” this time the Northeast is finally on the list)” November 8. https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2022-11-08/doc-imqmmthc3731705.shtml?cre=tianyi&tr=181. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
64 | Tencent Online 腾讯网 (2021). “沈阳全新规划出炉，透漏这几个区域将是发展重点！(Shenyang's new plan was released, revealing that these areas will be the focus of development!)” December 28. https://new.qq.com/omn/20211228/20211228A013BT00.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
65 | China News 中国新闻网 (2021). “沈阳浑南科技城将成为辽宁实验室建设核心承载区域 (Shenyang Hunnan Science and Technology City will become the core bearing area for Liaoning laboratory construction)” June 8. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2021/06-08/9495349.shtml. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
66 | HKTDC Research (2019). “China (Liaoning) Pilot Free Trade Zone” October 2. https://research.hktdc.com/en/data-and-profiles/mcpc/freetradezones/liaoning-free-trade-zone. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
67 | Creemers, Rogier et al. (2020). “Translation: Xi Jinping’s Sept. 2020 Speech on Science and Technology Development” September 2022. https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/xi-jinpings-sept-2020-speech-onscience-and-technology-development-translation/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
68 | Murphy, Ben et al. (2021). “Xi Jinping: ‘Strive to Become the World’s Primary Center for Science and High Ground for Innovation’” March 18. https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/xi-jinping-strive-to-become-the-worlds-primary-center-for-science-and-high-ground-for-innovation/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
69 | Creemers, Rogier et al. (2020). “Translation: Xi Jinping’s Sept. 2020 Speech on Science and Technology Development” September 22. https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/xi-jinpings-sept-2020-speech-onscience-and-technology-development-translation/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
70 | Qiushi 求是 (2022). “Accelerate the construction of a strong country in science and technology to achieve a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement (加快建设科技强国实现高水平科技自立自强)” April 30. http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2022-04/30/c_1128607366.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
71 | Ibid.
72 | National Science and Technology Information System, Public Service Platform 国家科技管理信息系统公共服务平台. https://service.most.gov.cn/kjjh_tztg_all/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
73 | The keywords we used were “机器人”, “外骨骼”, “减速器”, “自动化”, and “人机”.
74 | Map of China's State Key Laboratory System by Emily S. Weinstein et al. (2022). https://skl-map.cset.tech/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
75 | National Development and Reform Commission et al. (2018). “《中国开发区审核公告目录》（2018年版）(China Development Zone Review Announcement Catalog” (2018 Edition))” http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2018-12/31/content_5434045.htm. Accessed: December 13, 2022.